/* Variables for both light and dark mode */
:root {
      --primary: #040273;
      --primary-light: #28a0f0;
      --secondary: #f5f5f5;
      --text: #333;
      --text-light: #666;
      --white: #fff;
      --bg-color: #fff;
      --card-bg: #fff;
      --section-padding: 5rem 0;
      --border-radius: 10px;
      --transition: all 0.3s ease;
      --shadow: 0 5px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
      --node-color: rgba(4, 2, 115, 0.6);
      --edge-color: rgba(4, 2, 115, 0.2);
      --card-bg-rgb: 255, 255, 255;
    }

    /* Dark mode variables */
    [data-theme="dark"] {
      --primary: #3f51b5;
      --primary-light: #00b0ff;
      --secondary: #1a1a1a;
      --text: #e0e0e0;
      --text-light: #aaaaaa;
      --white: #212121;
      --bg-color: #121212;
      --card-bg: #1e1e1e;
      --shadow: 0 5px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);
      --node-color: rgba(63, 81, 181, 0.6);
      --edge-color: rgba(63, 81, 181, 0.2);
      --card-bg-rgb: 30, 30, 30;
    }
    
    * {
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      box-sizing: border-box;
    }
    
    body {
      font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif;
      color: var(--text);
      line-height: 1.6;
      background-color: var(--bg-color);
      scroll-behavior: smooth;
      transition: background-color 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
      font-weight: 700;
      line-height: 1.3;
      margin-bottom: 1rem;
      color: var(--text);
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    p {
      font-family: 'Merriweather', serif;
      margin-bottom: 1rem;
      color: var(--text);
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    a {
      color: var(--primary);
      text-decoration: none;
      transition: var(--transition);
    }
    
    a:hover {
      color: var(--primary-light);
    }

    /* Theme Toggle */
    .theme-toggle {
      position: fixed;
      bottom: 20px;
      right: 20px;
      z-index: 1000;
      background-color: var(--primary);
      color: var(--white);
      border: none;
      border-radius: 50%;
      width: 50px;
      height: 50px;
      font-size: 1.5rem;
      cursor: pointer;
      box-shadow: var(--shadow);
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
      transition: var(--transition);
    }
    
    .theme-toggle:hover {
      background-color: var(--primary-light);
      transform: rotate(30deg);
    }

    .container {
      width: 90%;
      max-width: 1200px;
      margin: 0 auto;
      position: relative;
      z-index: 1;
    }
    
    .btn {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 0.75rem 1.5rem;
      background-color: var(--primary);
      color: var(--white);
      border-radius: 50px;
      font-weight: 600;
      transition: var(--transition);
      border: none;
      cursor: pointer;
    }
    
    .btn:hover {
      background-color: var(--primary-light);
      color: var(--white);
      transform: translateY(-3px);
    }
    
    .btn i {
      margin-right: 8px;
    }
    

    /* Header */
/* Header */
header {
  padding: .8rem 0;
  background-color: rgba(var(--card-bg-rgb), 0.8); /* Changed to use rgba for transparency */
  backdrop-filter: blur(10px); /* Add blur effect for better readability */
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(10px); /* For Safari support */
  box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
  position: sticky;
  top: 00px;
  z-index: 1000;
  transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}
    
    .header-container {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
    }
    
    .logo {
      font-size: 1.5rem;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: var(--text);
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    .nav-toggle {
      display: none;
      background: none;
      border: none;
      font-size: 1.5rem;
      cursor: pointer;
      color: var(--text);
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    .nav {
  display: flex;
  gap: 2rem;
  align-items: center;
  list-style: none;  /* Add this line */
}

/* You can also add this to ensure all nested lists are also dot-free */
.nav ul {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

.nav-link {
  font-weight: 500;
  position: relative;
  padding: 0.5rem 0;
  color: var(--text);
  transition: color 0.3s ease;
  display: flex;  /* Add this line */
  align-items: center;  /* Add this line */
}

    
    .nav-link::after {
      content: '';
      position: absolute;
      width: 0;
      height: 2px;
      bottom: 0;
      left: 0;
      background-color: var(--primary);
      transition: var(--transition);
    }
    
    .nav-link:hover::after {
      width: 100%;
    }
    
    /* Hero Section */
    .hero {
      padding-top: 60px;
    }
    
    .hero-container {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 240px;
      gap: 1rem 2rem;
      align-items: start;
    }

    /* Right rail: portrait with the social chips stacked directly beneath it */
    .hero-side {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 1rem;
    }

    /* Full-width title, so the rail starts level with the bio's first line */
    .hero-title {
      grid-column: 1 / -1;
      font-size: 2.5rem;
      margin-bottom: 0;
      color: var(--primary);
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    .hero-content p {
      color: var(--text-light);
      margin-bottom: 2rem;
    }
    
    .social-links {
      display: flex;
      gap: 1rem;
      margin-top: 2rem;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }
    
    .social-links .btn {
      margin-right: 0.5rem;
      margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
    }
    
    
    /* Section Styles */
    section {
      padding: var(--section-padding);
      position: relative;
    }
    
    .section-title {
      text-align: center;
      margin-bottom: 3rem;
    }
    
    .section-title h2 {
      font-size: 2rem;
      display: inline-block;
      padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
      position: relative;
    }
    
    .section-title h2::after {
      content: '';
      position: absolute;
      bottom: 0;
      left: 50%;
      transform: translateX(-50%);
      width: 80px;
      height: 3px;
      background-color: var(--primary);
    }

    /* Journal Ranking Badges */
.journal-rank {
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 2px 8px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 0.8em;
  font-weight: bold;
  margin-left: 8px;
  color: white;
}

.rank-q1 { background-color: #4CAF50; }
.rank-q2 { background-color: #2196F3; }
.rank-q3 { background-color: #FF9800; }
.rank-q4 { background-color: #f44336; }

    /* News Section */
    .news {
      /* background-color: var(--secondary); */
    }
    
/* Update timeline styles */
.timeline-item {
  position: relative;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  width: 100%;
  padding-left: 3rem;  /* Add left padding for the timeline line */
}

.timeline-item::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;  /* Move line to the left */
  top: 0;
  height: 100%;
  width: 2px;
  background-color: var(--primary);
}

.timeline-item::before {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  left: -6px;  /* Adjust circle position */
  top: 0;
  width: 14px;
  height: 14px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: var(--primary);
}

/* Remove left/right specific classes as they're no longer needed */
.timeline-item-left,
.timeline-item-right {
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
}

.timeline-item-content {
  background-color: var(--card-bg);  
  padding: 1.5rem;
  border-radius: var(--border-radius);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
}

/* Update year marker */
.timeline-year {
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  padding-left: 3rem;  /* Align with content */
}
    /* Research Section */
    .research-tabs {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      margin-bottom: 2rem;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 1rem;
    }
    
    .tab-btn {
      padding: 0.75rem 1.5rem;
      background-color: transparent;
      border: 1px solid var(--primary);
      color: var(--primary);
      border-radius: 30px;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: var(--transition);
    }
    
    .tab-btn.active, .tab-btn:hover {
      background-color: var(--primary);
      color: var(--white);
    }
    
    .tab-content {
      display: none;
    }
    
    .tab-content.active {
      display: block;
    }
    
    .research-item {
      background-color: var(--card-bg);
      border-radius: var(--border-radius);
      box-shadow: var(--shadow);
      padding: 2rem;
      margin-bottom: 2rem;
      transition: var(--transition), background-color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    .research-item:hover {
      transform: translateY(-5px);
    }
    
    .research-item h3 {
      margin-bottom: 1rem;
    }
    
    .research-item p {
      color: var(--text-light);
      margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
    }
    
    .research-item a {
      display: inline-block;
      font-weight: 600;
    }
    
    /* Education Section */
    .education {
      /* background-color: var(--secondary); */
    }
    
    .education-container {
      max-width: 800px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }
    
    .education-item {
      display: flex;
      margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
      background-color: var(--card-bg);
      border-radius: var(--border-radius);
      box-shadow: var(--shadow);
      overflow: hidden;
      transition: var(--transition), background-color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    .education-item:hover {
      transform: translateY(-5px);
    }
    
    .education-timeline {
      min-width: 150px;
      background-color: var(--primary);
      color: var(--white);
      padding: 1.5rem;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
    }
    
    .education-year {
      font-weight: 600;
      font-size: 1.1rem;
    }
    
    .education-content {
      padding: 1.5rem;
      flex-grow: 1;
    }
    
    .education-content h3 {
      color: var(--primary);
      margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
    }
    
    .education-content h4 {
      color: var(--text);
      font-weight: 600;
      margin-bottom: 1rem;
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    /* Experience Section */
    .experience-container {
      max-width: 800px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }
    
    .experience-item {
      display: flex;
      margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
      background-color: var(--card-bg);
      border-radius: var(--border-radius);
      box-shadow: var(--shadow);
      overflow: hidden;
      transition: var(--transition), background-color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    .experience-item:hover {
      transform: translateY(-5px);
    }
    
    .experience-timeline {
      min-width: 150px;
      background-color: var(--primary);
      color: var(--white);
      padding: 1.5rem;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
    }
    
    .experience-year {
      font-weight: 600;
      font-size: 1.1rem;
    }
    
    .experience-content {
      padding: 1.5rem;
      flex-grow: 1;
    }
    
    .experience-content h3 {
      color: var(--primary);
      margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
    }
    
    .experience-content h4 {
      color: var(--text);
      font-weight: 600;
      margin-bottom: 1rem;
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    .experience-list {
      list-style: none;
      padding-left: 0;
    }
    
    .experience-list li {
      position: relative;
      padding-left: 1.5rem;
      margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
      color: var(--text);
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    .experience-list li::before {
      content: "→";
      color: var(--primary);
      position: absolute;
      left: 0;
      font-weight: bold;
    }
    
    /* Skills Section */
    .skills {
      /* background-color: var(--secondary); */
    }
    
    .skills-container {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(250px, 1fr));
      gap: 2rem;
    }
    
    .skill-category {
  /* background-color: var(--card-bg); */ /* Remove this line */
  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
  background-color: rgba(var(--card-bg-rgb), 0.7);
  border-radius: var(--border-radius);
  padding: 2rem;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
  transition: var(--transition), background-color 0.3s ease;
}
    
    .skill-category:hover {
      transform: translateY(-5px);
    }
    
    .skill-category h3 {
      margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
      color: var(--primary);
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 0.5rem;
    }
    
    .skill-category h3 i {
      font-size: 1.5rem;
    }
    
    .skill-list {
      list-style: none;
    }
    
    .skill-list li {
      margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 0.5rem;
      color: var(--text);
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    .skill-list li::before {
      content: "•";
      color: var(--primary);
      font-weight: bold;
      display: inline-block;
      width: 1rem;
    }
    
    /* Projects Section */
    .projects-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(350px, 1fr));
      gap: 2rem;
    }
    
    .project-card {
      background-color: var(--card-bg);
      border-radius: var(--border-radius);
      overflow: hidden;
      box-shadow: var(--shadow);
      transition: var(--transition), background-color 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    .project-card:hover {
      transform: translateY(-5px);
    }
    
    .project-image {
      width: 100%;
      height: 200px;
      overflow: hidden;
    }
    
    .project-image img {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      object-fit: cover;
      transition: var(--transition);
    }
    
    .project-card:hover .project-image img {
      transform: scale(1.05);
    }
    
    .project-content {
      padding: 1.5rem;
    }
    
    .project-content h3 {
      margin-bottom: 1rem;
    }
    
    .project-content p {
      color: var(--text-light);
      margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
    }
    
    .project-links {
      display: flex;
      gap: 1rem;
    }
    
    .project-links a {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 0.5rem;
      font-weight: 600;
    }
    
    /* Publications badge */
    .pub-badge {
      display: inline-block;
      padding: 0.2rem 0.5rem;
      border-radius: 4px;
      font-size: 0.8rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      margin-right: 0.5rem;
      color: white;
    }
    
    .badge-journal {
      background-color: #2c7be5;
    }
    
    .badge-conference {
      background-color: #00a28a;
    }
    
    .badge-book {
      background-color: #6b5eae;
    }
  
/* Recommendations Section */
.recommendations-slider {
  position: relative;
  max-width: 800px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  overflow: hidden;
  height: 400px; /* Add fixed height */
}

.recommendation-card {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 2rem;
  padding: 2rem;
  background-color: var(--card-bg);
  border-radius: var(--border-radius);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
  position: absolute;
  width: 100%;
  left: 0;
  opacity: 0;
  visibility: hidden;
  transition: all 0.5s ease;
  transform: translateX(100%);
}

.recommendation-card.active {
  opacity: 1;
  visibility: visible;
  transform: translateX(0);
  position: relative;
}
.recommender-image {
  width: 150px;
  height: 150px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  overflow: hidden;
  border: 3px solid var(--primary);
}

.recommender-image img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
}

.recommendation-content {
  flex: 1;
}

.recommendation-content h3 {
  color: var(--primary);
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

.recommendation-content h4 {
  color: var(--text);
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

.recommendation-content .institution {
  color: var(--text-light);
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

.recommendation-content .relation {
  color: var(--primary-light);
  font-style: italic;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.recommendation-content blockquote {
  font-style: italic;
  color: var(--text);
  border-left: 3px solid var(--primary);
  padding-left: 1rem;
}

.slider-controls {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 1rem;
  margin-top: 2rem;
}

.prev-btn,
.next-btn {
  background: var(--primary);
  color: var(--white);
  border: none;
  border-radius: 50%;
  width: 40px;
  height: 40px;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: var(--transition);
}

.prev-btn:hover,
.next-btn:hover {
  background: var(--primary-light);
  transform: scale(1.1);
}

.slider-dots {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
}

.dot {
  width: 10px;
  height: 10px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--text-light);
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: var(--transition);
}

.dot.active {
  background: var(--primary);
  transform: scale(1.2);
}

.recommender-header {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

.recommender-header h3 {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.5rem;
}

.orcid-link {
  color: #A6CE39;
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  transition: var(--transition);
}

.orcid-link:hover {
  transform: scale(1.1);
}


@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .recommendation-card {
    flex-direction: column;
    text-align: center;
  }
  
  .recommender-image {
    margin: 0 auto;
  }
  .recommendation-card {
    flex-direction: column;
    text-align: center;
  }
  
  .recommender-image {
    margin: 0 auto;
  }

  .recommender-header h3 {
    justify-content: center;
  }
}

    /* Contact Section */
.contact-container {
  max-width: 600px;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.contact-form {
  background-color: var(--card-bg);
  padding: 2rem;
  border-radius: var(--border-radius);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
}

.form-group {
  position: relative;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.form-group input,
.form-group textarea {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 10px 0;
  font-size: 16px;
  color: var(--text);
  background: transparent;
  border: none;
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--text-light);
  outline: none;
  transition: 0.3s;
}

.form-group label {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  padding: 10px 0;
  font-size: 16px;
  color: var(--text-light);
  pointer-events: none;
  transition: 0.3s;
}

.form-group input:focus ~ label,
.form-group input:valid ~ label,
.form-group textarea:focus ~ label,
.form-group textarea:valid ~ label {
  top: -20px;
  font-size: 12px;
  color: var(--primary);
}

.form-group .focus-border {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 0;
  height: 2px;
  background-color: var(--primary);
  transition: 0.3s;
}

.form-group input:focus ~ .focus-border,
.form-group textarea:focus ~ .focus-border {
  width: 100%;
}

/* Honeypot: hidden from humans, bots fill it in */
.hp-field {
  position: absolute;
  left: -9999px;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.form-status {
  margin: 1rem 0 0;
  min-height: 1.35rem;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  line-height: 1.5;
  color: var(--text-light);
}

.form-status.is-success {
  color: #2e7d32;
}

.form-status.is-error {
  color: #c62828;
}
    
    /* Footer */
    footer {
      background-color: var(--primary);
      color: var(--white);
      padding: 3rem 0 1.5rem;
      text-align: center;
    }
    
    .footer-links {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 1.5rem;
      margin-bottom: 2rem;
    }
    
    .footer-link {
      color: var(--white);
      font-size: 1.5rem;
      transition: var(--transition);
    }
    
    .footer-link:hover {
      color: var(--secondary);
      transform: translateY(-3px);
    }
    
    .copyright {
      margin-top: 2rem;
      color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6);
      font-size: 0.9rem;
    }
    
    /* Responsive Design */
    @media (max-width: 992px) {
      .timeline::after {
        left: 31px;
      }
      
      .timeline-item {
        width: 100%;
        padding-left: 70px;
        padding-right: 25px;
      }
      
      .timeline-item-left::after,
      .timeline-item-right::after {
        left: 21px;
      }
      
      .timeline-item-right {
        left: 0;
      }
    }
    
    @media (max-width: 768px) {
      header {
        padding: 1rem 0;
      }
      
      .header-container {
        position: relative;
      }
      
      .nav-toggle {
        display: block;
      }
      
      .nav {
        display: flex;
        gap: 2rem;
        list-style: none;
        margin-left: auto;
        position: absolute;
        top: 100%;
        left: 0;
        width: max-content; 
        right: 0;
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: center;
        padding: 1.5rem 0;
        padding-right: 2rem;
        background-color: var(--bg-color);
        box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
        border-radius: 0 0 10px 10px;
        opacity: 0;
        visibility: hidden;
        transform: translateY(-10px);
        transition: var(--transition), background-color 0.3s ease;
      }
      
      .nav.show {
        opacity: 1;
        visibility: visible;
        transform: translateY(0);
      }
      
      .projects-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

    @media (max-width: 576px) {
      .social-links {
        justify-content: center;
      }
    }

    /* ... existing nav styles ... */

/* ... existing nav styles ... */

.dropdown {
  position: relative;
  height: auto;  /* Change from 100% to auto */
}

.dropdown-toggle {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  height: 100%;
  padding: 0.5rem 0;
}

.dropdown-toggle i {
  margin-top: 1px;  
}



.dropdown-menu {
  position: absolute;
  top: 100%;
  left: 0;
  background-color: var(--bg-color);
  min-width: 160px;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
  border-radius: var(--border-radius);
  padding: 0.5rem 0;
  opacity: 0;
  visibility: hidden;
  transform: translateY(-10px);
  transition: var(--transition);
}

.dropdown:hover .dropdown-menu {
  opacity: 1;
  visibility: visible;
  transform: translateY(0);
}

.dropdown-item {
  display: block;
  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
  color: var(--text);
  transition: var(--transition);
}

.dropdown-item:hover {
  background-color: var(--primary);
  color: var(--white);
}

/* Add this with your other styles */
.scholar-link {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.scholar-button {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.75rem;
  padding: 0.75rem 1.5rem;
  background-color: var(--primary);
  color: var(--white);
  border-radius: 50px;
  font-weight: 600;
  transition: var(--transition);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
}

.scholar-button:hover {
  background-color: var(--primary-light);
  transform: translateY(-3px);
  color: var(--white);
}

.scholar-button i {
  font-size: 1.2rem;
}

/* Add this to your existing styles */
.scroll-top {
  position: fixed;
  bottom: 90px;  /* Positioned above the theme toggle */
  right: 20px;
  background-color: var(--primary);
  color: var(--white);
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  border: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: none;  /* Hidden by default */
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
  transition: var(--transition);
  z-index: 1000;
}

.scroll-top:hover {
  background-color: var(--primary-light);
  transform: translateY(-3px);
}

.scroll-top.show {
  display: flex;
}


/* Update mobile styles */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .dropdown-menu {
    position: static;
    box-shadow: none;
    opacity: 1;
    visibility: visible;
    transform: none;
    padding-left: 1rem;
  }
  
  .dropdown-item {
    padding: 0.5rem 0;
  }
}

/* ==========================================================================
   RESTYLE LAYER
   Design tokens and layout patterned after arponkapuria.github.io
   ========================================================================== */

/* ---------- 1. Tokens ---------- */
:root {
  --color-link: #1a95e0;
  --color-accent: #F97316;
  --color-hairline: rgba(3, 3, 3, 0.12);
  --color-secondary-text: #6b6b6b;
  --color-chrome-bg: #060811;
  --color-chrome-text: #b5b2b2;
  --font-stack: "Exo 2", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Inter, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  --content-width: 850px;

  --primary: #1a95e0;
  --primary-light: #1478b8;
  --secondary: #f7f7f7;
  --text: #1c1c1e;
  --text-light: #6b6b6b;
  --white: #ffffff;
  --bg-color: #ffffff;
  --card-bg: #ffffff;
  --card-bg-rgb: 255, 255, 255;
  --heading: #16181d;
  --section-padding: 2.25rem 0;
  --border-radius: 12px;
}

[data-theme="dark"] {
  --color-hairline: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
  --secondary: #171b24;
  --text: #b9b8b8;
  --text-light: #8a8f98;
  --bg-color: #11141b;
  --card-bg: #171b24;
  --card-bg-rgb: 23, 27, 36;
  --heading: #c6c9ce;
}

/* ---------- 2. Typography ---------- */
body {
  font-family: var(--font-stack);
  font-size: clamp(0.97rem, 1.15vw, 1rem);
  line-height: 1.55;
  padding-top: 56px;
  transition: background-color 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease;
}

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
  font-family: var(--font-stack);
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--heading);
  line-height: 1.3;
}

p {
  font-family: var(--font-stack);
  color: var(--text);
}

a {
  color: var(--color-link);
  font-weight: 500;
}

a:hover {
  color: var(--color-accent);
}

.container {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: var(--content-width);
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 0 1.25rem;
}

/* ---------- 3. Navbar ---------- */
header {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  padding: 0;
  background-color: var(--color-chrome-bg);
  backdrop-filter: none;
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: none;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 24px 0 rgba(35, 86, 145, 0.18), 0 2px 8px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

.header-container {
  height: 56px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 1.5rem;
  justify-content: flex-start;
}

/* Push the nav cluster (links + theme toggle) to the header's right edge */
header nav {
  margin-left: auto;
}

.nav {
  gap: 1.5rem;
}

.nav-link {
  font-family: var(--font-stack);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--color-chrome-text);
  padding: 2px 0;
  border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;
  transition: color 0.2s, border-color 0.2s;
}

.nav-link::after {
  display: none;
}

.nav-link:hover,
.nav-link:focus {
  color: var(--color-link);
  border-bottom-color: var(--color-link);
}

.nav-link.active {
  color: var(--color-link);
  border-bottom-color: var(--color-link);
}

.dropdown-item.active {
  color: var(--color-link);
}

.dropdown-toggle i {
  font-size: 0.7rem;
}

.dropdown-menu {
  background-color: var(--color-chrome-bg);
  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
  box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);
}

.dropdown-item {
  color: var(--color-chrome-text);
  font-size: 0.92rem;
}

.dropdown-item:hover {
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  color: var(--color-link);
}

.nav-toggle {
  color: var(--color-chrome-text);
}

.theme-toggle {
  position: static;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  width: 30px;
  height: 30px;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  border-radius: 5px;
  background: none;
  border: 1.5px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.18);
  color: var(--color-chrome-text);
  box-shadow: none;
  transition: background 0.2s, border-color 0.2s;
}

.theme-toggle:hover {
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
  transform: none;
}

/* ---------- 4. Headings / section rhythm ---------- */
section {
  padding: var(--section-padding);
}

.section-title {
  text-align: left;
  margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}

.section-title h2 {
  font-size: 1.35rem;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  display: block;
}

.section-title h2::after {
  display: none;
}

/* ---------- 5. Hero ---------- */
.hero {
  padding-top: 1.5rem;
  /* Trimmed so the news section below sits closer */
  padding-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.hero-content {
  padding-top: 0;
}

/* The last paragraph's margin would escape the block and push the next section down */
.hero-content p:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.hero-title {
  font-size: 1.75rem;
  color: var(--heading);
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.hero-content p {
  color: var(--text);
  text-align: justify;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

/* ---------- 6. Buttons / links as chips ---------- */
.btn,
.scholar-button {
  background: transparent;
  color: var(--color-link);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-hairline);
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 0.4rem 0.85rem;
  font-family: var(--font-stack);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  box-shadow: none;
}

.btn:hover,
.scholar-button:hover {
  background: rgba(26, 149, 224, 0.08);
  color: var(--color-link);
  transform: none;
}

.social-links {
  /* The rail's own flex gap sets the distance below the photo */
  margin-top: 0;
  gap: 0.4rem;
  /* Icon-only row: one line, edge to edge with the photo */
  flex-wrap: nowrap;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

/* Compact circular icon buttons; the row's own gap handles the spacing */
.social-links .btn {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  width: 34px;
  height: 34px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  justify-content: center;
}

.social-links .btn i {
  margin-right: 0;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
}

/* Portrait fills the rail; the chips stack directly beneath it */
.hero-photo {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 240px;
  object-fit: cover;
  border-radius: 8px;
  border: 4px solid var(--card-bg);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.hero-photo:hover {
  transform: scale(1.03);
}

/* Single column: the portrait leads, the bio follows, chips come last */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .hero-container {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 1.5rem;
  }

  /* Unwrap the rail so the portrait and chips can move independently of the bio */
  .hero-side {
    display: contents;
  }

  .hero-photo {
    order: 1;
    width: 140px;
    height: 140px;
    margin: 0 auto;
  }

  .hero-content {
    order: 2;
  }

  .social-links {
    order: 3;
    /* The row is narrower than the column, so centre the row itself */
    align-self: center;
    justify-content: center;
  }
}

/* In-page index linking the section groups */
.index-list {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.5rem 1.5rem;
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0.85rem 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--color-hairline);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-hairline);
}

.index-list a {
  font-family: var(--font-stack);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--color-link);
  border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
  transition: border-color 0.2s;
}

.index-list a:hover {
  border-bottom-color: var(--color-link);
}

.btn i,
.scholar-button i {
  font-size: 0.85rem;
}

.scholar-link {
  text-align: left;
  margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}

#send-btn {
  background: var(--color-link);
  border-color: var(--color-link);
  color: #ffffff;
}

#send-btn:hover {
  background: var(--primary-light);
  border-color: var(--primary-light);
  color: #ffffff;
}

/* ---------- 7. Tabs ---------- */
.research-tabs,
.news-tabs {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-start;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 1.25rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}

.tab-btn {
  background: none;
  border: none;
  border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;
  border-radius: 0;
  padding: 2px 0;
  color: var(--color-secondary-text);
  font-family: var(--font-stack);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  transition: color 0.2s, border-color 0.2s;
}

.tab-btn.active,
.tab-btn:hover {
  background: none;
  color: var(--color-link);
  border-bottom-color: var(--color-link);
}

/* ---------- 8. Recent news: flat date/text list ---------- */
.timeline {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  max-height: 340px;
  overflow-y: auto;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--color-hairline);
  padding: 0.75rem 0.25rem;
  scroll-behavior: smooth;
}

.timeline-year {
  margin: 0.5rem 0 0.35rem;
  padding-left: 0;
}

.timeline-year h3 {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--heading);
  margin: 0;
}

.timeline-item {
  padding-left: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
}

.timeline-item::before,
.timeline-item::after {
  display: none;
}

.timeline-item-content {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 105px minmax(0, 1fr);
  column-gap: 0.75rem;
  align-items: start;
  background: none;
  box-shadow: none;
  border-radius: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

.timeline-item-content h4 {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--color-secondary-text);
  margin: 0;
  line-height: 1.55;
}

.timeline-item-content p {
  margin: 0;
  text-align: justify;
}

/* ---------- 9. Flattened cards ---------- */
.research-item,
.education-item,
.experience-item,
.contact-form,
.skill-category {
  background: none;
  box-shadow: none;
  border: 1px solid var(--color-hairline);
  border-radius: var(--border-radius);
}

.research-item {
  padding: 1.25rem;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.research-item:hover,
.education-item:hover,
.experience-item:hover,
.skill-category:hover {
  transform: none;
}

.research-item h3 {
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

.research-item p {
  color: var(--text-light);
  margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}

.research-item a {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.pub-badge {
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

/* Education & experience: dates as a left column, no colour block */
.education-item,
.experience-item {
  align-items: flex-start;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.education-timeline,
.experience-timeline {
  min-width: 172px;
  background: none;
  color: var(--color-secondary-text);
  padding: 1.25rem 1rem 1.25rem 1.25rem;
  align-items: flex-start;
  text-align: left;
}

.education-year,
.experience-year {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--color-secondary-text);
}

.education-content,
.experience-content {
  padding: 1.25rem;
}

.education-content h3,
.experience-content h3 {
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  color: var(--heading);
  margin-bottom: 0.25rem;
}

.education-content h4,
.experience-content h4 {
  font-size: 0.92rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--color-secondary-text);
  margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}

/* ---------- 10. Skills & projects ---------- */
.skills-container {
  gap: 1.25rem;
}

.skill-category {
  padding: 1.25rem;
}

.skill-category h3 {
  font-size: 1rem;
  color: var(--heading);
  margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}

.skill-category h3 i {
  font-size: 1rem;
  color: var(--color-link);
}

.skill-list {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.35rem;
}

.skill-list li {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  padding: 2px 8px;
  font-size: 0.88rem;
  color: var(--text-light);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-hairline);
  border-radius: 6px;
}

.skill-list li::before {
  content: none;
}

.projects-grid {
  gap: 1.25rem;
}

.project-card {
  background: none;
  border: 1px solid var(--color-hairline);
  border-radius: var(--border-radius);
  box-shadow: none;
}

.project-card:hover {
  transform: none;
}

.project-card:hover .project-image img {
  transform: none;
}

.project-image {
  height: 170px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-hairline);
}

.project-content {
  padding: 1.25rem;
}

.project-content h3 {
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

.project-content p {
  color: var(--text-light);
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.project-links a {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

/* ---------- 11. Contact ---------- */
.contact-form {
  padding: 1.5rem;
}

.form-group input,
.form-group textarea {
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-hairline);
  font-family: var(--font-stack);
}

.form-group input:focus,
.form-group textarea:focus {
  border-bottom-color: var(--color-link);
}

.form-group .focus-border {
  height: 1px;
}

/* ---------- 12. Footer ---------- */
footer {
  background-color: var(--color-chrome-bg);
  color: var(--color-chrome-text);
  padding: 2rem 0 1.25rem;
  text-align: center;
}

.footer-links {
  gap: 1.25rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}

.footer-link {
  color: var(--color-chrome-text);
  font-size: 1.1rem;
}

.footer-link:hover {
  color: var(--color-link);
  transform: none;
}

.copyright {
  margin-top: 1rem;
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.45);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
}

/* ---------- 13. Scroll-to-top ---------- */
.scroll-top {
  bottom: 18px;
  right: 18px;
  width: 34px;
  height: 34px;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  border-radius: 5px;
  background-color: var(--color-chrome-bg);
  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.18);
  color: var(--color-chrome-text);
  box-shadow: none;
}

.scroll-top:hover {
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  transform: none;
}

/* ---------- 14. Small screens ---------- */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .header-container {
    padding: 0 1rem;
    gap: 0.5rem;
  }

  /* The menu leaves the flow on mobile, so the hamburger carries the rightward push */
  header nav {
    margin-left: 0;
  }

  .nav-toggle {
    margin-left: auto;
  }

  .nav {
    gap: 0;
    padding: 0.5rem 0;
    width: auto;
    align-items: stretch;
    background-color: var(--color-chrome-bg);
  }

  .nav.show {
    background-color: var(--color-chrome-bg);
  }

  .nav-link {
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    padding: 0.8rem 1.25rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.07);
  }

  .nav-link:hover {
    border-bottom-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.07);
  }

  .dropdown-menu {
    border: none;
    background-color: transparent;
  }

  .timeline-item-content {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    row-gap: 0.15rem;
  }

  .timeline-item-content h4 {
    font-size: 0.85rem;
  }

  .education-item,
  .experience-item {
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .education-timeline,
  .experience-timeline {
    min-width: 0;
    padding: 1rem 1.25rem 0;
  }

  .education-content,
  .experience-content {
    padding: 0.5rem 1.25rem 1.25rem;
  }
}

/* ---------- 15. Vertical rhythm & micro-interactions ---------- */
/* Even section rhythm */
section {
  padding: clamp(2.5rem, 4.5vw, 3.25rem) 0;
}

/* Anchor targets clear the fixed 56px navbar */
section[id] {
  scroll-margin-top: 76px;
}

.section-title {
  margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}

/* Section header with a trailing "view all" link */
.section-title--split {
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 1rem;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.section-title--split h2 {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.section-link {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--color-link);
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.section-link i {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  margin-left: 0.15rem;
}

/* Institution logos sitting in the date column, under the years */
.timeline-logo {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 0.6rem;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  object-fit: contain;
}

/* Square mark (AIUB crest) */
.timeline-logo--mark {
  width: 80px;
  height: 80px;
}

/* Wide wordmark (AMIR Lab); white-on-transparent, so flip it dark for light backgrounds */
.timeline-logo--wide {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 132px;
  height: auto;
  filter: invert(1);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .timeline-logo--wide {
  filter: none;
}

/* Consistent gap between stacked entries */
.research-item,
.education-item,
.experience-item {
  margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}

/* Inline links: animated underline sweep on hover */
.hero-content p a,
.research-item p a,
.timeline-item-content p a,
.education-content a,
.experience-content a {
  background-image: linear-gradient(currentColor, currentColor);
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: 0 100%;
  background-size: 0% 1px;
  transition: background-size 0.25s ease, color 0.2s ease;
}

.hero-content p a:hover,
.research-item p a:hover,
.timeline-item-content p a:hover,
.education-content a:hover,
.experience-content a:hover {
  background-size: 100% 1px;
}

/* Cards: subtle hover tint + lift */
.research-item,
.education-item,
.experience-item,
.skill-category,
.project-card {
  transition: border-color 0.2s ease, background-color 0.2s ease,
    transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
}

.research-item:hover,
.education-item:hover,
.experience-item:hover,
.skill-category:hover,
.project-card:hover {
  border-color: rgba(26, 149, 224, 0.32);
  background-color: rgba(26, 149, 224, 0.035);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
}

/* Buttons: crisper hover / active feedback */
.btn,
.scholar-button,
.tab-btn,
.theme-toggle,
.scroll-top {
  transition: background-color 0.25s ease, border-color 0.25s ease,
    color 0.25s ease, transform 0.15s ease;
}

.btn:hover,
.scholar-button:hover {
  border-color: var(--color-link);
}

.btn:active,
.scholar-button:active,
#send-btn:active {
  transform: translateY(1px);
}

/* Visible keyboard focus rings */
a:focus-visible,
button:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--color-link);
  outline-offset: 3px;
  border-radius: 4px;
}

.nav-link:focus-visible,
.dropdown-item:focus-visible {
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* Respect reduced-motion preferences */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *,
  *::before,
  *::after {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
  }
}